What is Piotroski F-Score (0–9)?
Nine-point scoring system measuring financial quality across three areas: Profitability (4 points: ROA, CFO, ROA change, accruals), Leverage (3 points: leverage change, liquidity change, dilution), and Efficiency (2 points: gross margin change, asset turnover change). 8–9: Strong. 6–7: Good. 4–5: Average. 0–3: Weak.